为您找到与这些美容护肤常识都是错的!相关的共53个结果:
下面读文网小编为大家带来有关美容护肤实用英语对话,欢迎大家阅读!
What is that?
那是什么?
A: What is that green sticky thing?
那绿色黏黏的是什么?
B: That's a facial mask and it makes you look younger and beautiful.
那是面膜,会让你看起来更年轻和漂亮.
I would like to...
我想要...
A: I would like to get my nails done.
我想要修指甲.
B: No problem !What color of nail polish would you like?
没问题,您喜欢什么颜色的指甲油?
Are you sure?
你确定吗?
A: I would like to get my hair permed!
我想烫头发!
B: Are you sure? I think you look better with straight hair.
你确定吗? 我觉得你留直发看起来比较好看.
How can I help you?
我能为你服务吗?
A: How can I help you,dear?
我能为你服务吗?
B: I would like a change ,maybe have my hair cut short.
我想作一番改变,或许把头发剪短.
Would you like a massage before I wash your hair?
洗头前要不要按摩一下?
A:Would you like a massage before I wash your hair?
洗头前要不要按摩一下?
B:Sure!Why not?
那当然,谁会拒绝啊?
Did you have your hair cut?
你是不是剪头发了?
A:Did you have your hair cut?
你是不是剪头发了?
B:Yes,do you like it?
是啊!你喜欢吗?
I'm going to the beautician to have a facial.
我要去美容师那儿做脸。
A:I'm going to the beautician to have a facial.
我要去美容师那儿做面部护理。
B:You really know how to enjoy life,don't you?
你还真会享受啊!
Would you like a wax?
您要蜜蜡除毛吗?
A:Would you like a wax?
您要蜜蜡除毛吗?
B:Yes,although it hurts.
要,即使那会很痛我还是要。
I like spas very much!
我很喜欢洗spa!
A:What do you usually do during the weekend?
你通常在周末都做什么?
B:I like spas very much. So I go once every weekend.
我很喜欢洗spas.所以每个周末去一次。
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摘要:护肤在现代已经成为一门学问,人们受皮肤问题困扰不再盲目地去商店买各种化妆品来试,而是由皮肤科医生开出处方,提供针对性的护肤建议。以下是小编整理的英语双语文摘:十个美容护肤的误区 你知道吗, 希望你会有所收获。
The cumulative effect of the sun's rays causes a multitude of damage to skin, but it's never toolate to start protecting skin from the sun.There is clinical evidence that once you start protectingthe skin, it has the ability to repair itself.This repair is not going to happen overnight, it's a gradualprocess that can take a couple years to yield significant results. Do your skin a favour and start theday with a layer of sunscreen.And remember to wear sunscreen during the winter. Just becauseyou don't feel the sun's rays, doesn't mean its harmful UVA and UVB rays are not penetrating yourskin. If you can see shadows, you need to protect your skin.
日积月累的日晒会对皮肤造成严重损害,但是什么时候开始让皮肤避免日晒都不晚。临床证明,一旦你开始保护你的皮肤,它就拥有了自我修复的能力。这种修复不会在一夜之间发生;它是一个循序渐进的过程,可能需要几年的时间才会产生显著的效果。帮帮你的皮肤吧,涂上一层防晒霜再开始一天的生活。此外,在冬天也要记得涂防晒霜。你感觉不到阳光,并不意味着紫外线A和紫外线B不会伤害到你的皮肤。只要能看到影子,就需要保护你的皮肤。
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你陷入美容护肤误区了吗?下面快来看看美容护肤的知识吧~
The cumulative effect of the sun’s rays causes a multitude of damage to skin, but it’s never too late to start protecting skin from the sun.There is clinical evidence that once you start protecting the skin, it has the ability to repair itself.This repair is not going to happen overnight; it’s a gradual process that can take a couple years to yield significant results.Do your skin a favour and start the day with a layer of sunscreen.And remember to wear sunscreen during the winter.Just because you don’t feel the sun’s rays, doesn’t mean its harmful UVA and UVB rays are not penetrating your skin.If you can see shadows, you need to protect your skin.
日积月累的日晒会对皮肤造成严重损害,但是什么时候开始让皮肤避免日晒都不晚。临床证明,一旦你开始保护你的皮肤,它就拥有了自我修复的能力。这种修复不会在一夜之间发生;它是一个循序渐进的过程,可能需要几年的时间才会产生显著的效果。帮帮你的皮肤吧,涂上一层防晒霜再开始一天的生活。此外,在冬天也要记得涂防晒霜。你感觉不到阳光,并不意味着紫外线A和紫外线B不会伤害到你的皮肤。只要能看到影子,就需要保护你的皮肤。
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语文摘:十大实用的美容护肤知识,欢迎大家阅读!
The cumulative effect of the sun’s rays causes a multitude of damage to skin, but it’s never too late to start protecting skin from the sun.There is clinical evidence that once you start protecting the skin, it has the ability to repair itself.This repair is not going to happen overnight; it’s a gradual process that can take a couple years to yield significant results.Do your skin a favour and start the day with a layer of sunscreen.And remember to wear sunscreen during the winter.Just because you don’t feel the sun’s rays, doesn’t mean its harmful UVA and UVB rays are not penetrating your skin.If you can see shadows, you need to protect your skin.
日积月累的日晒会对皮肤造成严重损害,但是什么时候开始让皮肤避免日晒都不晚。临床证明,一旦你开始保护你的皮肤,它就拥有了自我修复的能力。这种修复不会在一夜之间发生;它是一个循序渐进的过程,可能需要几年的时间才会产生显著的效果。帮帮你的皮肤吧,涂上一层防晒霜再开始一天的生活。此外,在冬天也要记得涂防晒霜。你感觉不到阳光,并不意味着紫外线A和紫外线B不会伤害到你的皮肤。只要能看到影子,就需要保护你的皮肤。
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生活常识,是指人们在日常生活中总结出来的科学知识,涵盖健康、营养、饮食、居家、生活小窍门等各方面。那么你知道生活常识用英语怎么说吗?下面和读文网小编一起来学习一下生活常识的英语说法吧。
1. Grandpa knows a lot of horse sense.
我祖父知道很多(生活)常识.
2. He doesn't have a lick of common sense.
他一点生活常识也没有.
3. Julia: It's a book of 366 interesting questions about animals, science, culture, general knowledge, ect.
茱利亚: 它是一本包含366个关于动物 、 科学 、 文化 、 生活常识等题目的书.
4. Now can you tell me which are healthy food and which are unhealthy food . complete the.
根据生活常识,判断刚学的食品哪些是健康食品,哪些是不健康食品.
5. Now can you tell me which are healthy foods and which are unhealthy foods completetable below.
根据生活常识,判断刚才所学的食品哪些是健康食品,哪些是不健康食品.
6. When there is no rain for a long time, water supplies often dwindle.
结合上下文和生活常识可知很长时间不下雨的话, “水供应”时常会减少.
7. These anti - aging secrets all involve common sense changes in lifestyle and habits.
这些 抗老化 的秘密包括改变生活方式和习惯的许多常识.
8. Common sense really counts a lot in dealing with our everyday lives.
常识在我们的日常生活中真的很有用.
9. The Golden Rule and love and basic sanitation, ecology, and politics and the sane living.
处事的金科玉律、爱、卫生常识 、 生态学 、 政治学,还有健康的生活.
10. You are called on to make use of your natural abilities and common sense.
生活需要你利用自己的天赋和常识.
11. Besides is also the case with the citizen's expenditure as education, information, traveling.
除此之外,老黎民的办事性消费,如教诲, 信息,百句浓缩的生活小常识, 游览等消耗也会大批增加.
12. Topics: self - introduction, life in secondary school, extra - curricular activities, hobbies, picture description and current affairs etc.
主题: 自我 介绍 、 中学生活 、 课外活动 、 兴趣、时事常识 、 图片简述等.
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商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的,内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。下面读文网小编为大家带来商务英语合同写作必备常识,欢迎大家阅读!
各式各样的主文条款是合同中最核心的部份,也是篇幅最大的部份,与当事人的权利义务关系发生最直接、最密切的牵连,例如买卖契约中一定要有价金、标的物等约定,合资契约中一定要约定各股东间的出资比例,授权契约一定要谈到授权范围等等,这些都是主文部份要详细记载的。
本书拟将英文合同中的主文条款大分为两类:「特殊条款」与「一般条款」。所谓「特殊条款」指的是只有在某些特定性质的合同中才会出现的条款,例如合资契约中通常会约定当事人合资成立的公司由谁来管理,董事与监察人由谁来担任等等问题,但是抵押契约就不会有这些约定。反过来说,抵押契约中一定要记载的抵押品项目、抵押期限等等,在合资契约中就不会出现。诸如此类的「特殊条款」将留待本书之后续-「进阶篇」来详细介绍。
相对于「特殊条款」的所谓「一般条款」,指的是不论合同性质如何,几乎所有的合同中都会记载的条款,例如管辖法院的约定、保密条款、准据法条款等等,将于本书第贰编中详细介绍,在此亦不赘述。
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大家是否经常去美容院呢?接下来小编为大家整理了美容院术语英语表达,希望对你有帮助哦!
头发:hair
冷烫液: cold wave/ perm
洗发精:shampoo
护发霜:hair care/conditioner
发胶:gel
定型液:hair spary
染发剂:hair color
发雕:lotion
正常(一般):normal
受损:damage
卷发:curl
干燥:dry
湿的:wet
润丝:rinse
平梳:comb
镜子:mirror
吹风机:hair dryer
毛巾:towel
剪刀:scissors
发夹:hair pick
帽子:cap
削刀:razor
模特儿:model
发叉:hair pin
冷烫卷:perm rod
冷烫纸:perm paper
橡皮筋:rubber band
工作车:setting cart
洗发槽:shampoo sink
发刷:brush
圆梳:round brush
尖尾梳:tail comb
吹风机:blow dryer
电棒:curling iron
扛薄剪:thinning scissors
剪刀:scissors(shears)
大吹风;air dryer
蒸气机;steamer
推剪:clipper
电推剪:electric clipper
雷脑:computer
大发夹:hair clip
围巾:cap
假人头:manikin
假发:wig
消毒器:sterilizer
手套:gloves
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经典的英语故事总能够打动人心,你想阅读一些经典的英语故事吗?下面读文网小编为大家推荐几个经典的英语小故事,希望大家喜欢!
一天,父亲与小儿子一道回家。这个孩子正处于那种对什么事都很感兴趣的年龄,老是有提不完的问题。他向父亲发问道:“爸爸,‘醉’字是什么意思?” “唔,孩子,”父亲回答说,“你瞧那儿站着两个警察。如果我把他们看成了四个,那么我就算醉了。” “可是,爸爸, ”孩子说,“那儿只有一个警察呀!”
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随着中国对外交流的日益频繁,整个社会越来越重视英语的应用。英语口语表达作为英语的最重要的应用形式,越来越多的学生希望能够用流利的英语与人沟通和交流,表达自己的观点和想法,于是练就流利的英语口语十分重要。下面读文网小编为大家带来生活常用英语口语,欢迎大家学习!
Cosmetic surgery is not a cure-all
整容手术不是万能的。
How much does cosmetic eyelid surgery cost?
眼险整容术费用是多少?
I'm not satisfied with my eyes
我对自己的眼睛不太满意。
What can I do about my wrinkles?
我该拿脸上的皱纹如何是好呢?
Your nee to take care of your skin
你应当好好保养自己的皮肤。
It seems fewer and fewer of us are happy with our looks
貌似越来越少的人对自己的容貌满意了。
Plastic surgery is becoming an increasingly popular choice to pursue beauty
整形手术逐渐成为爱美一族的首选。
I had a scar revision last month
我上个月做了疤痕修复手术。
I want to change the shape of my face
我希望自己双腿修长、胸部丰满、身材苗条。
I would not consider liposuction
我不会考虑做抽脂手术。
My boyfriend doesn't want me to have breast implants
我男朋友不希望我隆胸。
I dare not to do cosmetic surgery
我不敢做整容手术。
I really envy of your figure
我真的很羡慕你的身材。
Don't rely on cosmetics surgery too much
别过分依赖整容手术。
How much pain is involved in cosmetlc surgery?
整容手术疼吗?
What is the recovery time needed after cosmetic surgery?
整容手术需要多久的恢复期?
I want to have dark circles under my eyes treated
我想去除黑眼圈。
We do not recommend cosmetic surgery to people under years old
我们不建议 岁以下的人做整容手术。
A face shaped like a goose egg and double eyelids are my favorite
鹅蛋形脸和双眼皮是我最喜欢的。
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下面读文网小编为大家带来医学英语常识,欢迎大家学习!
The liver is the largest gland in the body (approximately 1500 grams) and is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is glossy in appearance and dark red in color from the rich supply of blood flowing through it. Approximately 25% of the cardiac output flows to the liver. It performs many important functions:
(1) the uptake, storage, and disposal of nutrients (protein, carbohydrates and fat), drugs, toxins and (2)the production of synthetic proteins (critical for blood clotting) and metabolism of substances produced by the body.
肝脏是人体最大的腺体(重约1500克),它位于右上腹部。肝脏表面光滑,因血液供应丰富而呈暗红色。大约25%的心输出量流向肝脏。肝脏有许多重要的功能:
(1)营养物(蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪)、药物和毒素的摄取、储存和代谢。(2)合成蛋白(危急时的血凝块)的产生和机体物质的代谢。
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大家是否经常去美容院呢?接下来小编为大家整理了美容院常用术语中英互译,希望对你有帮助哦!
Acute Angle 锐角 小于九十度的角
Align 准线 将往上引导的基准线
Alter 修正 变更细节,但本质不变
Angle 角点 两直线交于一点的形状
Angle of elevation 持起点 持起发束的位置
Axis 轴线 一条在发型部分平均对称的分线
Back-center 后中区 后头中央部分
Bang 浏海 额头前的头发控留
Bias shape 线条型 将头发向前引或向后引或是将该部分向左或向右偏斜
Blend 转层次 混合所以能产生期望的发型
Blunt cut 齐剪法 所有头发修剪成同一长度
Breeze cut 飘逸发型
Bridge line 转接 从不同导线连接两点的线
Blow dry 吹干 用手用吹风机吹干头发的方法
Centrifugal 离心式 从中心向外发展设计
Centripetal 向心式 外围发量向中心集中设计
Check cut 检修 对完成的发型检查是否有衔接不当的部分
Circumference 弧线、弧形区 依头形弧度分线,头形呈圆弧形
Concave 凹曲线 如半个空心球的内部曲线,亦称凹圆线
Concentrated shape 聚拢型 将头发集于一点修剪
Convex 凸曲线 像球体表面的曲线
Corner point 文叉点 发末端垂直线与水平线相交之处
Cowlick 高立型 头发蓬松竖起的造型
Cross check 交叉检查法 当头发垂直修剪后就以水平方法检查反之亦然
Crown 冠部 头顶
Cutting by rotating 环绕剪法 这方法是用来达成短的顶发长的颈背头发或是丰富感的剪法
Cutting by twisting 扭转剪 导线决定后,将头发曲卷至导线长度衔接
Cutting line 裁剪线 切囗
Diagonal 对角线、斜的 斜的移动或是伸展,特别是以45度角
Ear to ear parting 侧中主线 从一边的耳朵划过冠部至另边耳朵的分线
Elevate 提高 提升发束
Finger dry 手梳法 利用指头划过头发来将头发弄干的方法
Finger grips 指套 剪刀的环套
Finger round cut 指圆剪 利用手指弯曲将头发整型
Forty five degree angle 四十五度角 对角,九十度的对方
Fragment 片发 发末梢形成一种凌乱感
Gathering 聚拢 将头发聚拢于一点修剪
Graduction cut 小层次剪法 渐层次
Guideline 导线 修剪其它部分时一条被用做引导长度的修剪线
Hairline 发缘线 头发与皮肤的边缘
Hair movement 发向 头发自然生长的方向
Hair quality 发质 头发的状况
Horizontal section 水平部分 水平分区部分
Intuition 直觉 察觉事物的能力
Lamp dry 烘干法 用红外线弄干头发的方法
Layer cut 大层次剪法 将各部头发提升90度以上的剪法
Meeting point 交会点 两条导线交会点,交会点决定该部分修剪的角度
Mohican section 正中主线 从冠部到颈背的正中部分,通常做为
修剪头发的导线
Moving blade 滑剪 剪刀刀刃修剪时的移动
Nape 颈背 颈部的后面
Obtuse angle 钝角 颈部的后面大于九十度小于一百八十度
Occipital bone 后脑骨 后脑点的位置
Off base 斜梳法 引发除了九十度外的任何角度
One length cut 水平剪法 零层次一字形剪法
On base 九十度梳法 与头皮成垂直提升发束
Outline 轮廓 一个发型的外形
Panel 发束 头发上被取的一部分或是区分之部分
Paper round cut 纸剪法 头发如剪纸的剪刀一张一合
Parallel section 平行部分 取一个与先前部分线平行的部分
Part 分线 将头发梳向不同方向的区分线
Perpendicular 垂直 与他线或其它面成九十度
Perimeter 垂直 直上或直下
Polygon 多边形 一个封闭的几何图形,尤其是超过四边或四角的
Radial section 放射部分 冠部周围取放射状
Regent cut 里根发型
Repertoire 发目 你对发型及技术的搜集
Rigth angle 垂直角 九十度角,两条互相垂直线的交会角
Roots 发根 头发最接近头皮的部分
Scalloped line 贝壳曲 一条如贝壳的纹路的曲线
Scrunch dry 抓揉法 一种借着用手抓揉头发挤压弄干头发的方法
Sculpting 雕塑法 使头发形状像雕刻状
Shaggy round 圆齿线
Side-back 侧后边 介于侧边与后边的部分
Side-front 侧前边 侧边最近脸部的部分
Silhouelle 造型轮廓 发型的外型
Slice 发片 从较大部分取出的较薄部分
Slide cut 滑剪法 剪刀刀刃滑过发束的修剪方法
Spherical 球状 像球形
Squeeze cut 凹圆剪发型
Step bob-cut 鲍勃短发型
Still blade 静刃 修剪时刀刃不动
Sub-section 次部分 任何部分的小部分
Taper 削薄法 向发梢方向逐渐将厚度削薄
Tension 张力 引发修剪头发时持拉的力量
Thinning 打薄法 借着削剪头发里头发量没有改变外头长度
Three dimensional 三度空间法 除了有高度宽度外还有厚的深度
Vertical section 垂直部分 一个取垂直的部分
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美容是一种改变面部原有的疾病,达到治疗美化的使用产品和方法。那么你知道美容用英语怎么说吗?现在跟读文网小编一起学习关于美容的英语知识吧。
美容师 beautician ; Cosmetologist ; hairdresser ; hair stylist
美容产品 Beauty Product ; cosmetic products ; cosmetic ; Beauty
医学美容 Aesthetic Medicine ; medical cosmetology ; Medical Beauty ; Beauty
美容展 Beautyworld Middle East ; Cosmoprof Worldwide Bologna ; Cosmoprof Bologna ; HBA GLOBAL EXPO
美容整形 plastic and aesthetic surgery ; Aesthetic and Plastic ; aesthetic surgery ; Cosmetic and Plasti
美容工具 cosmetic tool ; Beauty Tools ; manicure set ; Tool
美容面膜 beauty mask
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英语情景对话作为真实生活的交际模式,作为语言输出的源头,作为语言练习的最佳途径,作为语言教授的媒介,它对于把英语作为外语来学习的学生,扮演着非常重要的角色。下面读文网小编为大家带来生活英语情景对话,欢迎大家学习!
D: Hi, Mackenzie! What do you think of the gym?
M: It's great. The trainers have been really helpful.
D: Do you want to do some work with the dumbbells with me?
M: The trainers told me not to put too much pressure on my body at first, so I can only do a few repetitions.
D: That's good advice. When I first joined the gym, I ended up gettin injured from exercising too much.
M: After the dumbbells, let's work with the yoga ball. It's really good for the waistline. D: I've never used that before. What can you do with it?
M: Personally, I like to do sit-ups on the yoga ball.
D: Why don't you just do sit-ups on the floor like most people do?
M: Well, the yoga ball supports your back and can prevent injuries. Besides, you can work more muscles with it because you have to balance yourself on the ball while doing the sit-ups.
D: I see, Isn't it mainly for women?
M: Don't be silly! Men can use it, too! If you do a few of these exercises every day, I'm sure you'll soon be able to deal with that waistline!
D: Look who's the expert now!
M: The tables have turned a bit, haven't they?
D: They sure have, but to be honest, I'm glad that you're enjouing yourself.
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下面读文网小编为大家带来医学常识双语阅读:失眠,欢迎大家学习!
Insomnia is more than just being unable to fall asleep. It is a subjective condition of insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite an adequate opportunity to sleep. The Institute of Medicine and most current studies place the prevalence of insomnia at 30% to 40% in the general adult population. Although the need for sleep does not necessarily decrease with age, the incidence of sleep disturbances appears to increase with age, particularly among women. Actually, the elderly are more prone to sleep maintenance problems, whereas younger people tend to have trouble falling asleep. 失眠并不仅仅是无法入睡。失眠是在有足够睡眠机会时睡眠仍不充分或睡后精力无法恢复的一种主观病症。美国医学研究院和现有的多数研究都认为,失眠在普通成人中的流行率为30%至40%。虽然睡眠需要未必随年龄增长而减少,但睡眠障碍的发生率似乎是随年龄而增加的,特别是妇女。事实上,老年人更容易在睡眠维持方面出问题,而年轻人则往往是难以入睡。
I. Approach. I. 诊断思路:
Insomnia represents a symptom of an underlying problem and is not in itself a disease entity. Sleep and alertness are regulated by a complex interaction between the body's internal biologic clocks, the reticular activating system, and various influences such as light or anxiety that can interfere with the normal sleep cycles. The approach to diagnosis should recognize the potential for various causes and use history and special studies to determine the cause of the insomnia. 失眠是某种潜在疾病的一种症状,失眠本身并不是一种病质。睡眠和觉醒是众多复杂因素相互作用的结果,如人体内生物种、脑干网状激活体系统及其他各种可以影响正常睡眠周期的因素,如灯光、焦虑等。诊断时应该认清各种因素的影响力,并根据病史及其他特殊检查确定失眠原因。
A. Types of insomnia. A. 失眠类型。
Although more than one classification system for insomnia exists, a consensus seems to support dividing insomnia into transient (lasting a few days), short-term (lasting weeks), and long-term or chronic (lasting many weeks to months or years). The Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep has classified insomnia as: 失眠分类方法不止一种,但公认的是将失眠分为暂时性(持续数天)、短期性(持续数周)和长期性或慢性(持续数周、月或年)这几种。睡眠社会心理生理研究协会将失眠分为以下几种:
1. Psychophysiologic, which covers the transient and short-term problems associated with situational factors such as concern about an ill family member. 1. 社会心理性失眠。该类失眠包括暂时性和短期性失眠,通常与环境因素有关,如对生病家属的担心。
2. Psychiatric, especially depression, which has a very high concordance with insomnia, and which also covers other affective disorders and psychosis. 2. 精神病性失眠。尤其是抑郁症引发的失眠,抑郁症与失眠有很高的关联性。其他因素包括情感障碍、精神错乱等。
3. Drugs and alcohol, especially chronic alcoholism, and the use of central nervous system stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine, or other drugs. 3. 药物与酒精性失眠。特别是慢性酒精中毒和服用一些中枢神经系统兴奋剂,如咖啡因、尼古丁或其他药物。
4. Sleep-related movements syndromes. These syndromes comprise a special category related to behavioral or motor problems. Periodic limb movements and restless leg syndrome are the most frequent diagnoses. 4. 睡眠相关运动综合症。这些综合症包括与行为或运动相关的一些特殊疾病,其中以周期性肢体运动和下肢不适综合症为最常见。
5. Sleep-induced respiratory problems (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea). With this condition, the patients usually have no trouble falling asleep initially, but have multiple arousals and awakenings during the night. 5. 睡眠诱发的呼吸系统疾病(如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停)。患有这类疾病的病人通常无入睡困难,但在夜间醒来次数多。
6. Medical and environmental causes such as repeated rapid eye movement (REM) interruptions from outside noise. 6. 医源及环境性失眠。如外界噪声多次打断快速眼球运动睡眠相。
7. Unknown causes--the patient may just be a short sleeper. 7. 原因不明性失眠。也许病人本来就睡眠少。
B. Special concerns. B. 特别注意问题。
Potentially, the most serious problem associated with insomnia is related to obstructive sleep apnea. If left untreated, it is associated with oxygen desaturation, hypercapnia, and hypopnea, which can lead to significant cardiovascular problems (e.g., systemic and pulmonary hyper tension, cor pulmonale, and right ventricular failure). 与失眠相关的最严重的潜在问题是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂时。如不治疗,会并发血氧饱和度下降、高碳酿血症和呼吸减慢,从而导致严重的心血管疾病(如系统性和肺动脉高压、肺心病和右心室衰竭)。
II. History 病史:
A. Characteristics of insomnia. A. 失眠的特点:
Insomnia cannot be diagnosed by the amount of time a person sleeps. Rather, it is distinguished by the daytime consequences of unsatisfactory sleep. A pertinent history for insomnia would include: 不能根据病人睡眠时间长短来诊断失眠。应根据睡眠不足是否影响生活加以鉴别。与失眠相关的病史包括:
1. A history of restlessness, irritability, daytime somnolence, and impaired work or social functioning, which can lead to situational stress. This may be a transient problem, but it can lead to difficulties with initiation of sleep and early awakenings. 1. 不安、易怒、昼间困倦及工作与社会职能障碍,均可导致环境压力。问题可能是暂时性的,但会造成入睡困难和早醒。
2. Use of caffeine or other stimulants, especially over-the-counter medications (e.g., decongestants) that may contain ephedrine or phenylpropanolamine. Late evening exercise can also be a stimulant. Alcohol may help induce sleep, but it interferes with REM sleep and leads to nonrestorative sleep and early awakenings. 2. 服用咖啡因或其他兴奋剂,特别是含有麻黄碱或盐酸基丙醇胺的非处方药(如碱充血剂)。晚间锻炼也有兴奋作用。酒精有助入睡,但干扰快速眼球运动睡眠相,导致早醒和睡后精力未恢复。
3. Affect changes, sadness, hopelessness, and vegetative signs such as weight loss should suggest depression, the most common psychiatric disorder associated with insomnia (Chapter 3.3). This is especially true if the insomnia persists for weeks. Anxiety disorders cause difficulty with getting to sleep, whereas patients with depression may fall asleep more readily but have early awakening. 3. 情感变化、悲伤、无助和营养机能变化引发的一些体征,如体重减轻,可提示抑郁症,它是最常见的失眠相关精神病。如果失眠持续数周,其诊断就更确凿无疑。焦虑症导致入睡困难,抑郁症病人则容易入睡,也易早醒。
4. Medical problems such as peptic ulcer disease and heart failure have been implicated in insomnia (Chapters 7.5 and 9.6). A history of frequent nocturnal urinations can also disrupt sleep and may indicate benign prostate hyperplasia or other prostate problems. Hyperthyroidism can cause irritability and insomnia, as can thyroid replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. Other problems such as asthma, angina, back pain, and sinusitis can also cause sleep disorders. 4. 内科疾病。如消化性溃疡病和心力衰竭,都跟失眠有牵连。夜间尿频中断睡眠,多见于良性前列腺增生或其他前列腺疾病。甲状腺功能亢进可导致易怒和失眠,用甲状腺素替代疗法治疗甲状腺功能减退症时也会出现上述现象。其他疾病如哮喘、心绞痛、背痛和鼻窦炎等也可引起睡眠障碍。
5. Loud snoring, daytime somnolence, forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating, and a history from the bed partner of periods of discontinuation of breathing during sleep of 10 seconds or more should suggest a more thorough evaluation for obstructive sleep apnea. Daytime napping, associated findings of gastrointestinal reflux disease, and hypertension are also suggestive associations for sleep apnea. 5. 严重打鼾、白天困倦、健忘、注意力难以集中、及睡伴对其睡眠呼吸中断10秒种或以上的描述等,这些现象都提示应进行更彻底的检查,以确定其是否有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停。昼间瞌睡、胃肠反流疾病相关检查结果和高血压等也提示与睡眠呼吸暂停有关。
6. The bed partner is also a good person to ask about leg movements during sleep. This could be suggestive of a periodic limb movement disorder. A similar syndrome, restless legs, is associated with a history of unpleasant sensations in the legs and a persistent desire to move them. Both conditions cause a delay in sleep onset and nocturnal awakenings. 6. 睡伴也是病人睡眠时腿部运动的良好询问对象,提供情况对周期性肢体运动障碍有提示作用。类似的还有不安腿综合症,它通常伴有腿部不适感,并使患者想要不断地移动两腿。这两种疾病都导致入睡推迟和夜间觉醒。
7. Sleep phase disturbances caused by jet lag or shift work can be characterized by early awakening or by awakening later in the day. 7. 时差或倒班引起睡眠相混乱,其特征是早醒或白天晚醒。
III. Physical examination. III. 体格检查:
The physical examination for insomnia is more a search for other underlying disease states than for any specific signs for insomnia, although hypertension, obesity, and thick neck suggest consideration of sleep apnea. 虽然高血压、肥胖症、短颈都可考虑有睡眠呼吸暂停,但失眠患者的体格检查更多的是检查其有否其他潜在疾病,而非检查失眠的特殊体征。
IV. Testing. IV. 实验室检查:
The diagnosis of unexplained insomnia may involve testing in a sleep laboratory using polysomnography. This provides the opportunity to monitor such parameters as the electroencephalogram (EEG),'breathing, oxygen saturation, and body movements during sleep. Polysomnography can determine the disturbances in chronobiologic rhythms and loss of normal sleep-awake patterns associated with circadian rhythm disorders. The EEG results from the sleep laboratory will demonstrate a patient's ability to progress through the five cycles of normal sleep and where in the process any disturbances may be located. For instance, a short REM sleep latency period from initiation of sleep to actual REM sleep, along with increased REM sleep, and reduced total sleep time with frequent awakenings are all associated with depression. 原因不明性失眠的诊断,应采用睡眠实验室多相睡眠描记仪进行检查,其监测参数包括:脑电波、呼吸、血氧饱和度及睡眠时的躯体运动等。多相睡眠描记仪可确诊时间生物节律紊乱和昼夜生理节律异常导致的正常睡眠—觉醒方式的丧失。睡眠实验室获得的脑电波可证明病人是否经历五个正常睡眠周期和异常出现的位置。如,初入睡至实际快速眼球运动睡眠之间快速眼球运动睡眠期的缩短,快速眼球运动睡眠延长、频繁觉醒导致总睡眠时间减少等,都与抑郁症有关。
V. Diagnostic assessment. 诊断评价:
The key to diagnosing insomnia and other sleep disorders is history and sleep laboratory monitoring. Short-term problems related to difficulty with initiating sleep may be situational or environmental. Long-term problems with sleep_, lasting weeks to months, may be more psychophysiologic such as with chronic anxiety or depression. A thorough history of personalor job-related issues, caffeine, alcohol and other drug use, related medical problems, abnormal leg and body movements at night, problems with daytime napping and somnolence as well as night time snoring, and apnea spells will all direct the practitioner to the cause of most problems. A good sleep study often confirms the diagnosis and leads to specific interventions. 诊断失眠及其他睡眠障碍的关键是病史和睡眠实验室监测。与入睡困难相关的短期失眠一般是由环境因素引起的。持续数周甚至数月的长期睡眠问题更多的是由心理生理因素引起,如长期患有焦虑症或抑郁症。详细的病史检查,包括个人及工作情况问题,咖啡因、酒精及其他药物服用史,相关内科疾病,夜间腿部及躯体异常运动,昼间瞌睡,夜间打鼾及呼吸暂停时间等情况,都可以引导医生找到多数失眠的原因。对睡眠情况进行认真检查通常可以确诊失眠,进而采取特定的治疗措施。
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在全民读书月之际,记者对沈阳某高校中文专业大四年级一个班34名同学做了读书问卷调查:大学四年中,读书超过50本的只有9人,有11名同学只读了不到10本书;在读书种类上,流行小说、考研类书籍、名人传记排在前三位,中外文学名著排在最后一位;针对文学名著的调查显示,这个班级60%的同学表示“看过”或“偶尔看”,最多的在10本左右,有12名同学在大学里从未读过任何名著。
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